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💡 C# Basics Guide for Beginners
1. Declaring Variables and Constants
C# uses strongly-typed variable declarations. Use const
for compile-time constants and readonly
for runtime constants.
int age = 30;
double pi = 3.14159;
char grade = 'A';
string name = "Alice";
bool isActive = true;
// Constants
const int MaxUsers = 100;
const string Company = "CodeUtility";
2. Conditionals (if / switch)
Use if
, else if
, and switch
for control flow.
int x = 2;
if (x == 1)
{
Console.WriteLine("One");
}
else if (x == 2)
{
Console.WriteLine("Two");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Other");
}
switch (x)
{
case 1:
Console.WriteLine("One");
break;
case 2:
Console.WriteLine("Two");
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("Other");
break;
}
3. Loops
C# supports for
, while
, and foreach
loops.
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
int n = 3;
while (n > 0)
{
Console.WriteLine(n);
n--;
}
4. Arrays
Arrays store fixed-size collections of elements of the same type.
int[] numbers = { 10, 20, 30 };
Console.WriteLine(numbers[1]);
5. List Manipulation
Use List<T>
for dynamic collections.
List<int> nums = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 };
nums.Add(4);
nums.Remove(2);
foreach (int n in nums)
{
Console.Write(n + " ");
}
6. Console Input/Output
Use Console.WriteLine
and Console.ReadLine
for basic I/O.
Console.Write("Enter your name: ");
string name = Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine($"Hello, {name}!");
7. Functions
Define methods using a return type, name, and parameters.
int Add(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}
Console.WriteLine(Add(3, 4));
8. Dictionaries
Dictionary<TKey, TValue>
stores key-value pairs.
Dictionary<string, int> ages = new Dictionary<string, int>();
ages["Alice"] = 30;
Console.WriteLine(ages["Alice"]);
9. Exception Handling
Handle runtime errors using try
, catch
, and finally
.
try
{
throw new Exception("Something went wrong");
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
}
10. File I/O
Use File
and StreamReader/StreamWriter
for file operations.
File.WriteAllText("file.txt", "Hello File");
string text = File.ReadAllText("file.txt");
Console.WriteLine(text);
11. String Manipulation
C# strings support methods like Length
, Substring
, Contains
.
string message = "Hello World";
Console.WriteLine(message.Length);
Console.WriteLine(message.Substring(0, 5));
Console.WriteLine(message.Contains("World"));
12. Classes & Objects
C# supports object-oriented programming through classes and objects.
class Person
{
public string Name;
public Person(string name) => Name = name;
public void Greet() => Console.WriteLine($"Hi, I'm {Name}");
}
Person p = new Person("Alice");
p.Greet();